中文

1982 年，很多人第一次意识到：计算不是一台机器，也不是一段程序，而是一条链。

当上机不再只是“把一个结果算出来”，而是要把结果交给下一步、交给另一个人、交给另一个系统时，工具链才真正出现：输入、处理、输出、存储、备份、打印、归档。

1) 全球切片：工具链让计算变成“可持续工作”

全球环境里，个人计算继续下沉。更重要的是，人们开始形成可重复的工作方式：同类任务有默认工具，同类文件有默认格式，同类失败有默认恢复。

2) 国内切片：协作让“格式”变成问题

在国内，计算仍多在组织内部推进。只要数据需要跨部门、跨岗位流动，格式就不再是技术细节，而是协作成本。谁来定义字段、命名、版本，决定了能否长期运转。

3) 机制：标准化不是口号，是减少返工

标准化的动因往往很朴素：减少返工、减少误会、减少口径不一。标准不是为了完美，而是为了让协作可持续。

本章要点：1982 年开始，计算的扩散越来越像“流程与格式”的扩散。

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English

In 1982, many people begin to sense that computing is not a machine or a single program, but a chain.

Once “getting an answer” is not enough—once the result must pass to the next step, the next person, the next system—toolchains emerge: input, processing, output, storage, backup, printing, archiving.

1) Global slice: toolchains make computing livable as work

As personal computing continues to descend, what matters is repeatability. Similar tasks acquire default tools; similar files acquire default formats; similar failures acquire default recovery paths.

2) China slice: collaboration turns formats into cost

Inside organizations, as soon as data must cross roles or departments, formats stop being a detail. They become collaboration cost. Field definitions, naming, and versioning decide whether a system can last.

3) Mechanism: standardization is not ideology; it is less rework

The motive is simple: fewer misunderstandings, fewer mismatched numbers, fewer cycles of redo. Standards are rarely about perfection; they are about survivable cooperation.

Key point: in 1982, diffusion begins to look like the spread of workflows and formats.